CRYSTALS-Kyber:
Quantum-Safe Key Exchange Explained

Every secure connection on the internet begins with a key exchange. When you visit a website over HTTPS, your browser and the server agree on a shared secret key that encrypts your session. CRYSTALS-Kyber, standardized as ML-KEM in FIPS 203, ensures this critical process remains secure against quantum attacks.

The Key Exchange Problem

Traditional key exchange protocols like Diffie-Hellman and its elliptic curve variant (ECDH) rely on mathematical problems that quantum computers can solve efficiently using Shor's algorithm. This means a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could intercept and decrypt any communication secured with these methods.

Kyber solves this by using lattice-based mathematics that resist quantum attacks while maintaining practical performance for real-world deployment.

How Kyber Works

Kyber is a Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM), which differs slightly from traditional key exchange:

• Key Generation: One party generates a public-private key pair
• Encapsulation: The other party uses the public key to encapsulate a random shared secret
• Decapsulation: The first party uses their private key to recover the shared secret

The result is both parties sharing a secret key that can be used for symmetric encryption, without ever transmitting the key itself.

Security Levels

Kyber offers three parameter sets:

Kyber-768 is recommended for most applications, balancing security with performance and key size.

Performance Characteristics

ML-KEM (Kyber) is exceptionally fast, making it suitable for high-volume applications. Our January 2026 benchmarks on AWS c8g.metal-48xl (AWS Graviton4, Neoverse V2):

• Key generation: 33.3µs
• Encapsulation: 18.0µs
• Decapsulation: 54.6µs
• Full flow: ~110µs
• Pool keygen (pre-generated): 0.42µs (79x speedup)

These speeds are significantly faster than classical algorithms, making ML-KEM a practical choice for production systems. With our key pool architecture, we achieve 152M ops/second on a 64-core node.

Key and Ciphertext Sizes

The trade-off for quantum security is larger keys and ciphertexts:

• Kyber-768 public key: 1,184 bytes
• Kyber-768 ciphertext: 1,088 bytes
• Shared secret: 32 bytes (same as classical)

While larger than X25519 (32-byte public keys), these sizes are manageable for most applications. The shared secret remains compact, so subsequent symmetric encryption is unaffected.

Real-World Deployment

Major tech companies have already begun deploying Kyber:

• Google Chrome uses Kyber in hybrid mode for TLS connections
• Signal Protocol integrated Kyber for message encryption
• Cloudflare offers Kyber for edge connections

These deployments demonstrate Kyber's readiness for production use at internet scale.

Implementation Tips

When implementing Kyber:

• Use established libraries (liboqs, pqcrypto, or H33's SDK)
• Consider hybrid mode: combine Kyber with X25519 for defense in depth
• Account for larger key sizes in your protocols and storage
• Test thoroughly—post-quantum algorithms are newer and less battle-tested

CRYSTALS-Kyber is the quantum-safe foundation for secure key exchange. Start integrating it today to ensure your systems remain protected as quantum computing advances.