FHE Performance Optimization:
From Seconds to Microseconds

FHE has a reputation for being slow, but modern implementations achieve remarkable performance. H33 performs complete FHE biometric verification in 2,648 microseconds. Here's how we optimize FHE for production use.

Understanding FHE Overhead

FHE operations are inherently more expensive than plaintext operations due to:

• Large ciphertext sizes (kilobytes vs bytes)
• Complex polynomial arithmetic
• Noise management overhead
• Key switching operations

However, careful optimization can reduce this overhead dramatically.

Parameter Optimization

FHE parameters directly impact performance:

Choose the minimum parameters that meet your security requirements. Over-provisioning wastes performance.

Algorithmic Optimization

Structure your computation for FHE efficiency:

• Minimize multiplication depth: Additions are efficient; multiplications are expensive
• Use SIMD batching: Process thousands of values in parallel
• Precompute when possible: Move computation to setup phase
• Reduce rotation count: Rotations are costly in batched operations

// Inefficient: Deep multiplication chain
result = a * b * c * d;  // Depth 3

// Better: Balanced tree
result = (a * b) * (c * d);  // Depth 2

Hardware Acceleration

Modern hardware significantly accelerates FHE:

• AVX-512: Vector instructions speed up polynomial operations 4-8x
• Intel HEXL: Optimized NTT library for FHE
• GPU acceleration: Massive parallelism for independent operations
• Custom ASICs: Purpose-built hardware achieving 10,000x speedups

Memory Optimization

FHE is memory-intensive. Optimize memory usage:

• Reuse ciphertext objects instead of allocating new ones
• Use memory pools for frequent allocations
• Consider lazy evaluation to reduce intermediate storage
• Profile memory access patterns for cache efficiency

Caching Strategies

Strategic caching eliminates redundant computation:

• Cache encrypted constants
• Store precomputed rotation keys
• Reuse evaluation keys across operations
• Cache intermediate results in repeated computations

H33's Optimization Stack

Our 1.28ms performance comes from:

• Custom BFV implementation optimized for biometric distances
• SIMD batching for template components
• Precomputed keys and constants
• AVX-512 acceleration on our infrastructure
• Careful parameter selection for our security level

FHE performance is no longer a barrier to production deployment. With proper optimization, you can achieve real-time encrypted computation.